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Intro
May 2022
The Department of Local Government, Sport and Cultural Industries (DLGSC) assists and monitors the process of making local laws in Western Australia. DLGSC works closely with the Western Australian Local Government Association (WALGA), and the Parliamentary Joint Standing Committee on Delegated Legislation in coordinating advice to local governments on the making of good local laws. This operational guideline covers many issues on local laws including:
The Parliament’s Joint Standing Committee on Delegated Legislation has prepared numerous reports commenting on the standard of local government local laws, including Report No 16 which is available on Parliament’s website.
Section 3.5 of the Local Government Act 1995 (the Act) provides the power for local governments to make local laws to help perform their functions. Section 3.7 of the Act states that a local law is inoperative to the extent that it is inconsistent with the Act or any other written law.
In making a local law, a local government must follow the steps which are set out below and in section 3.12 of the Act (see Appendix 1 which provides a flow chart of the steps for making a local law):
Local law information is accessible from the department’s website.
The Local Law Register is a database of all local law titles made by each local government. It has a search facility to allow local governments to look for gazettal information.
For information on the Joint Standing Committee on Delegated Legislation, visit the Parliamentary website. The website also contains a list of committee reports and the undertakings requested from local governments regarding local laws.
For additional assistance on local law-making processes, please contact DLGSC via email legislation@dlgsc.wa.gov.au
While information and suggestions can be provided, local governments will at times need to obtain independent legal advice on specific issues.
WALGA operates a local laws service to its member local governments. It has published a series of Model Local Laws, which were developed in conjunction with DLGSC.
Section 3.12(3)(a)(iii) of the Act requires local governments to advertise their proposed local laws and provide the public with a statutory period of ‘not less than 6 weeks after the notice is given’ in which to lodge submissions. For the purposes of a written law, the Interpretation Act 1984 provides that the computation of time does not include the first and last day of the event.
When calculating the closing date on which submissions can be made, there must be a minimum of 42 clear days to meet the requirement of ‘not less than 6 weeks’. Remember to exclude both the first day of advertising the public notice and the last day on which submissions can be lodged, a requirement of section 61(1)(f) of the Interpretation Act 1984.
Also, the last day on which submissions can be lodged cannot fall on a Saturday, Sunday or public holiday, but rather the next possible working day. It is far better to provide a longer public consultation period than to risk invalidating the local law.
The following is an example of calculating the minimum public consultation period. If your notice is to be advertised in the paper on Thursday 14 October 2021, exclude this day from the 6-week period; then add 42 days to the date on which the notice is to be published. The 42nd day falls on Thursday 25 November 2021. The next day shall be the latest day by which submissions must be lodged, that is, Friday 26 November 2021.
Similarly, ensure that all the required information is included in the public notice.
The requirements are set out at section 3.12(3)(a)(i)–(iii) of the Act for the first public notice (proposed local law) and at section 3.12(6)(a)-(c) of the Act for the final public notice (adoption of local law).
DLGSC monitors local law advertisements to check for compliance with the requirements of the Act. Should statutory requirements not be met, local governments will be advised to re-advertise to ensure that the local law is made within power (see Appendix 2 for examples of notices).
Section 3.12(3)(b) of the Act requires local governments to give the Minister for Local Government (and another Minister, where applicable) a copy of the proposed local law. The proposed local law should be exactly as it is intended to be published (gazettal format) in the Government Gazette so that assistance can be given to eliminate problems before the adoption process is substantially advanced and the local government unnecessarily expends its resources.
If your local government intends to adopt local laws by reference (that is, adopt local laws already published by another local government), you need to supply a copy of the abridged version (in gazettal format) as well as the full text version of the local law. Checking the full text will assist to ensure that your local government will not be adopting clauses that are not pertinent to your district.
If your local government is substantially adopting a WALGA model, it would be appreciated if you would indicate by underlining or highlighting in colour, or by similar means, the variations being undertaken. If you are preparing an amendment local law, please also supply the consolidated version of the local law, that is, the full text of the law with the amendments incorporated.
Where another Minister administers other written laws (e.g. Bush Fires Act 1954 and Biosecurity and Agriculture Management Act 2007), a copy of the proposed local law must be provided to that Minister in addition to the copy for the Minister for Local Government (see sections 3.12(3)(b) and 3.12(5) of the Act). Where the Act requires an additional Minister to be provided with a copy of the draft, a failure to do so may invalidate the local law.
An NCP review involves looking at a local law to see if any clauses (including amendments to principal local laws) restrict competition and, if so, that the restrictions can be justified in terms of overall public benefit outweighing the disadvantages. It should also be established that the objectives of the proposed local law can only be achieved by the restrictions to competition.
Completed NCP forms should be submitted at the same time as the proposed local laws are submitted to the Minister. Your local government needs to make a statement that competition policy restrictions, where applicable, have been assessed during the preparation of the proposed local laws. Please note that the NCP report should be available for inspection and comment by the public, along with the proposed local law.
The list of local laws that are exempt from NCP review are available from the department’s website via reference to local government, local laws, overview, key circulars, Circular No. 916 or Circular No. 824 for a blank NCP review form.
A failure to conduct an NCP review will not automatically result in a proposed local law being invalid. However, if a local law contains anti-competition issues this may result in the local law being disallowed by Parliament. Conducting an NCP review is helpful to identify any unintended impacts the local law may contain.
There are 2 principal styles used by local governments when drafting local laws. One is the style used in the WALGA local laws manual and the other is the style used by government for Acts and Regulations. Either style is acceptable.
Some local governments prepare proposed local laws with problems such as:
Care needs to be taken to ensure that these problems do not occur. Remember that it is a cost to your local government when amendment local laws are made to correct errors in the gazetted laws that could have been avoided at the drafting stage.
The Enabling Act or Head of Power refers to the Act such as the Local Government Act 1995 under which the legislation is made. The name of the Act must appear first in the local law, followed by the name of the local government and then the title of the local law.
If a local law with an error has been published, it cannot be corrected by simply publishing a correction notice in the Gazette. A correction notice can only be used where the Department of Premier and Cabinet made a printing error or the error is something different to what the local government submitted for publishing. Any other changes to the published law, however small, must be made by way of a new proposed amendment local law, requiring fresh and full compliance with all of the steps of the process in section 3.12 of the Act.
If your local government is adopting the text of another local government’s local law, be careful to check the accuracy and details of the law you will be adopting. Several local governments using this method have had to make amendment local laws to rectify the transmission of errors from the preceding gazettals. It is important to ensure that you are not adopting outdated text of another local government’s local law.
Another problem is adopting another local government’s local laws by reference where that local government has already adopted the local law by reference.
This creates a ‘doubling’ effect that is confusing to the reader and often unintended errors occur.
Local governments should confirm that the gazettal date of the local law being adopted by reference is the date the law was actually published in the Gazette and not the date it was passed by that council; otherwise, your local law will attempt to adopt a law that does not legally exist.
If you want to adopt both the text of another local government’s local law and a later amendment (possibly a correction) to this law, you need to specify both dates in the preamble.
Local governments are advised against the practice of adopting gazettals by reference to a local law ‘as amended in the future’. Under section 3.8 of the Act, this practice may apply for the adoption of model local laws (section 3.9 of the Act) but not for adopting another local government’s local laws. Also, by including their future amendments, you would incorporate another local government’s decisions about their local law into your local law without your council having any input, consultation or (often) knowledge of these decisions whenever they occur in the future.
Local governments should be aware that when amending or repealing a local law, it needs to be done in accordance with section 3.12 of the Act, which is the same procedure for ‘making’ a local law. This is because amendment or repeal local laws are new local laws themselves and must follow the full statutory process to be made within power.
Section 3.16 of the Act requires that all of the local laws of local governments must be reviewed within an 8-year period after their commencement to determine if they should remain unchanged or be repealed or amended.
The 8-year period is taken to be from either when the local law commenced or when the last review of the local law (using section 3.16 of the Act) was completed.
Section 3.16 of the Act provides for reviewing the currency and suitability of gazetted local laws — this section cannot be used for amending or repealing legislation. When the outcome of the review finds that it is necessary to change an outdated aspect of the law or that the subsidiary legislation has become defunct or obsolete, the local government must then commence the process outlined in section 3.12 of the Act to implement any changes.
While the Act does not expressly prescribe a timeframe in which the procedural requirements for making local laws are to be completed, the procedures should be undertaken with ‘all convenient speed’ in line with the Interpretation Act 1984. It is DLGSC’s understanding that local law procedures that take more than a year could be subject to questions of legal validity. Accordingly, if the local law process has had delays of more than a year, then the procedure for making a local law should be restarted.
Section 3.12(4) and (5) requires a local government:
The Joint Standing Committee on Delegated Legislation is a joint committee of the Parliament of Western Australia comprising eight members with equal representation from the Legislative Council and the Legislative Assembly.
The committee has been delegated, by Parliament, the task of scrutinizing subsidiary legislation in accordance with its terms of reference. These terms of reference were set in May 2021. The terms of reference and copies of all reports tabled by the committee (and former committees) can be downloaded from the Parliament of Western Australia’s website.
The committee can be contacted by email at delleg@parliament.wa.gov.au or by telephoning the Legislative Council Committee Office on 61 8 9222 7428.
Local laws are subsidiary legislation that are capable of disallowance by either House of Parliament under section 42 of the Interpretation Act 1984. Disallowance is the device by which the Parliament maintains control of the power it has delegated to local governments, State departments and other agencies of the government to make subsidiary legislation. In the case of local governments, this power is granted by the Act and other particular Acts including the Cat Act 2011 and the Dog Act 1976.
Scrutiny by the committee and disallowance are accountability mechanisms to guard against the making of local laws that are either unlawful by going beyond the power that is delegated or contravening one of the committee’s terms of reference.
The other accountability mechanisms impacting on local laws are:
Because it is Parliament that delegates the power to make local laws, the Parliament can, by disallowance, ensure that the power is not abused or exercised inappropriately. The committee, through being empowered by Parliament to scrutinise local laws on its behalf, can recommend to Parliament that a local law be disallowed if it contravenes one of its terms of reference.
The committee recommends disallowance as a last resort. Such action will usually only occur in circumstances where the local government does not satisfy the concerns of the committee. In the majority of cases to date, where the committee has expressed concerns about a local law, the relevant local government has provided the committee with a satisfactory written undertaking to address the concerns by amending or repealing parts of the local law.
The committee’s Explanatory Memoranda Directions (see Ministerial Circular No. 04-2010) set out the information to be sent directly to the committee (not DLGSC) as soon as a local government has gazetted a local law. After completing the procedural steps from sections 3.12(1) to 3.12(6) of the Local Government Act 1995, section 3.12(7) requires local governments to provide explanatory material for each local law gazetted. Preparing an Explanatory Memorandum forms part of the process of making a local law (section 3.12(7) of the Act).
Ministerial Circular 04-2010 provides examples and a checklist of the material to send, which must occur within 10 working days of the Gazette publication date.
Hard copies of the completed Explanatory Memorandum and other required materials must be sent to:
Committee ClerkJoint Standing Committee on Delegated LegislationLegislative Council Committee Office GPO Box A11 Perth WA 6837
Electronic copies are to be sent to delleg@parliament.wa.gov.au however, if a submission is emailed, an electronic signature is required.
For queries about submitting the explanatory material, the Legislative Council Committee can be contacted on 61 8 9222 7231.
The committee requires the Explanatory Memorandum to be signed by both the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and the president/mayor. The reason is that the president/mayor is the representative of the legislative arm of the local government that enacted the local law, and the CEO is the head of the executive arm of local government, responsible for administering the local law.
It is essential to respond to the committee’s requests within the advised timeframes. The committee works under strict time limits governed by the Interpretation Act 1984 and the Standing Orders of the Legislative Council. In cases where the time limit set by the committee for a response cannot be met, local government officers should immediately contact committee staff to determine whether an extension of time can be granted. In circumstances where an extension of time is not possible, the committee recommends that the council convene a special meeting under Part 5, Division 2 of the Act to resolve the matter and inform the committee of the council’s decision by the requested date.
Submitting material late or failing to address the committee’s concerns may result in the committee recommending disallowance of the local law.
The Joint Standing Committee will not approve local laws which attempt to adopt policies and make them enforceable. Adopting policies and making them enforceable is often done in planning schemes, however, that is done under the Planning and Development Act 2005, not the Act.
The Joint Standing Committee position is that the powers of the Act do not permit local laws to empower a local government to adopt internal policies as laws other that by inclusion of the matter in a local law (e.g. policies for advertising signs or codes of conduct). Attempting to adopt policies in local laws and make them enforceable is considered an attempt to avoid the process in section 3.12 of the Act and the scrutiny of Parliament.
The section 3.12 procedure is mandatory and must be followed in chronological order. Failure to do this will render the local law invalid and will likely result in the Joint Standing Committee recommending the law for disallowance.
Extending a local government boundary is usually only a procedure for coastal local governments that need to apply bathing or boating laws beyond the boundary of the coast.
Those local governments should note that it is necessary to obtain approval from the Governor under section 3.6 of the Act to any extension of their boundary, prior to submitting the final version of the local law to the council under section 3.12(4). If this approval is not obtained, any clause in the local law which purports to apply outside the local government’s district boundary will be invalid.
In the past, a number of local governments have attempted to create local laws that limit or abolish a person’s common law right to claim damages from or initiate other legal proceedings against a local government.
On all occasions, the Joint Standing Committee has not approved such local laws and its position remains that such local laws are not permissible.
As with the ouster clauses described in section 8.3 of this guideline, some local governments have attempted to create local laws that reverse the onus of proof for prosecution purposes.
Similarly, on all occasions the Joint Standing Committee has not approved such local laws and its position remains that such local laws are not permissible.
The exception to the above is parking local laws under which, under the Act, an owner of a vehicle is deemed to be liable for parking infringements unless they can prove otherwise.
A local government’s power of entry to rectify nuisances is contained in Schedules 3.1 and 3.2 of the Act.
Some local governments have sought to extend their power of entry to rectify nuisances beyond Schedules 3.1 and 3.2 by attempting to create local laws to that effect. The Act does not provide for this extension of powers and any attempt to do so will be unenforceable.
Some local governments are attempting to deal with signage on private land through their signs local laws, whereas the correct place for dealing with this issue is under their town planning scheme. Signs local laws should only deal with the issue of signage on local government property.
In relation to election signage, the Joint Standing Committee requires that signs local laws do not absolutely restrict the placement of signs as attempting to do so contravenes the Australian Commonwealth Constitution. However, local laws placing conditions on the erection of election signs and restricting their location are permissible.
Many local governments have recently considered making local laws to provide a code of conduct for their council members. The Joint Standing Committee recently reported that such local laws could be made only under particular provisions of an Act of Parliament and would be invalid unless made under such laws.
Under the Local Government (Functions and General) Regulations 1996, local governments are restricted to impounding goods involved in a contravention of a local law or a regulation where it occurs in a public place and the goods either are an obstruction, present a hazard or are placed in a location contrary to the law.
The regulations also apply to the impounding of animals, whether they are on a private or public place.
Local governments should ensure that their local laws do not conflict with the impounding provisions of the regulations because to the extent that they do conflict, they will be held unenforceable.
Similar to attempting to make local laws that limit or abolish a person’s common law right to claim damages against a local government, some local governments have proposed to make local laws which would indemnify the local government against claims for damages.
Local laws are not capable of providing such an indemnity as damages are awarded by the courts subject to the Civil Liability Act 2002.
This is a device used in the WALGA model local government property local law to specify the times and places that certain contraventions in local laws apply. These council decisions are not contained in the actual local law.
The Parliament’s Delegated Legislation Committee does not support such devices in principle. However, it has advised that it will accept this practice only for this type of local law for practical reasons. Local governments will need to ensure that they do not use this practice to any greater extent than this.
Refer to section 3.12(3) — Local public notice.
Local Government Act 1995
Shire of Treetops
Proposed Local Government Property Local Law
The Shire of Treetops proposes to make a local law relating to local government property.
The purpose of this local law is to regulate the care, control and management of property of the local government.
The effect of this local law is to control the use of local government property; it provides that some activities are permitted only under a permit or under a determination, and that some activities are restricted or prohibited. Offences are created for inappropriate behaviour in or on local government property.
A copy of the proposed local law may be inspected at or obtained from the Shire’s office at 2 Treetops Avenue, Community Vale, between 8.00am and 4.30pm Monday to Friday, and at any public library within the Shire of Treetops during normal opening hours.
Submissions about the proposed local law may be made to the Chief Executive Officer, Shire of Treetops, PO Box 101, Community Vale WA 6484 by Friday, 2 September 2011.
Joe Smith
Chief Executive Officer
Refer to section 3.12(6) — local public notice.
The Shire of Treetops has resolved to adopt the Shire of Treetops Local Government Property Local Law 2006.
A copy of the local law may be inspected at or obtained from the Shire’s office at 2 Treetops Avenue, Community Vale between 8.00am and 4.30pm Monday to Friday, and at any public library within the Shire of Treetops during normal opening hours.
This local law was gazetted on 14 October 2006 and will come into operation on 28 October 2011.